Titlebook: Boreal Forest and Climate Change; Pertti Hari,Liisa Kulmala Book 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Aerosol.Albedo.Boreal.Clim

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Interactions Between Boreal Forests and Climate Change,ses (Section 6.2) respond to this redistribution of radiation. The conservation equations of mass, energy and momentum described in Section 7.2 can be solved numerically to study the resulting effects on climate. Changes in climate occur both as a result of natural variability and as a response to a

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Concluding Remarks,d chemical knowledge to get a holistic picture of the interactions between boreal forests and climate change. Close interactions between ecologists and physicists have been characteristic of the work done in our research team, called APFE (Aerosol Physics and Forest Ecology). Ecological and physical

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1574-0919 y Leo Kaipiainen (1932–2004) were involved on the Soviet side. We had annual ?eld measuring campaigns in Finland and in Soviet Union and research seminars. The main emphasis was on developing forest growth mode978-90-481-7966-4978-1-4020-8718-9Series ISSN 1574-0919 Series E-ISSN 2215-1621

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Introduction,aterial on the globe. This circulation of energy includes several rather different phenomena such as: absorption and emission of radiation, evaporation and condensation of water, heat exchange between solid and liquid material and gas, and convection by mass flow. The atmosphere buffers the diurnal

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Environmental Factors,tion of solar radiation and the position of the Earth in the solar system, as well as the angle of the Earth’s axis with respect to the ecliptic plane. The factors related to position and orientation of the Earth affect the climate system also via gravitational influence by the Sun and other planets