Titlebook: Bipolar Depression: Molecular Neurobiology, Clinical Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy; Carlos A. Zarate,Husseini K. Manji Book 20091st editio

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resistant

VEST

choroid

不可思議

Neuroimaging studies of bipolar depression: therapeutic implications and basal ganglia white matter, and enlargement of the third and lateral ventricles are likely associated with cerebrovascular disease. Mood stabilizers and antidepressant drugs may attenuate pathological limbic activity, and increase neurotrophic processes, restoring balance to the system.

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Non-pharmacological somatic treatments for bipolar depressionment of new forms of convulsive therapy, particularly Magnetic Seizure Therapy (MST) and Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy (FEAST). Additional novel interventions such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS

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fatty-acids

Late-onset bipolar disorderons for late-life BPD are not currently available. Therefore, extrapolation from trials in mixed-age populations and adaptation to the older patient is necessary to establish treatment recommendations.