Titlebook: Barriers to Growth; English Economic Dev Eric L. Jones Book 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license t

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Obstructive Infrastructure770 and 1830. Transport investment may have hesitated in the 1770s through competition for capital for enclosures and canals. Urban expansion was sometimes hampered by ancient rights, notably in Nottingham, where burgess intransigence crowded buildings and forced them upwards instead of out into the fields.

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Diseaseabour. Except for inoculation and vaccination against smallpox, medical remedies were few. Improvement came instead from environmental changes like cleaner, brick housing. But the growth of urban slums also created a rebound from industrial development, especially the spread of tuberculosis.

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Insults to Agriculturethey included quarantining and rotating crops, which had high opportunity costs. Killing pests was ‘rat farming’, leaving the best food and breeding sites in which predators could recover. Problems were recurrent and even today are as much contained as solved.

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Firesthe remarkable ‘fire gap’. Safety measures, including manual fire pumps, had scarcely coped with big blazes. Changes embodied in the Improvement Acts contributed to greater security but the chief advance was the replacement of building materials by brick and tile, especially the substitution of tile roofs for thatch.

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Military and Ecclesiastical Building castles, renewed church decoration (abolished at the Reformation) and new nineteenth-century churches. The very long term saw a reduction in the proportionate burden of materially unproductive structures.

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Tithesaroused conflict. Farmers thought the innovations should not be tithed whereas tithe owners demanded a share of the additional profit. Disputes increased and reached the courts. They were resolved only when rights were bought out by the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836.

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Eric L. JonesProvides a unique approach to economic growth by considering the removal of obstacles rather than seeking yet another push force.Emphasizes coverage of institutional change combined with treatment of