Titlebook: Animals and Alternatives in Toxicology; Present Status and F Michael Balls (Professor of Medical Cell Biology), Textbook 1991Latest edition

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non-animal alternatives. The book is a key document in the development, validation, and use of non-animal methods and is aimed at toxicologists, pharmacologists, and policy-makers in academia, industry and government.

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Ethics

Concluding Remarks,unless there is some compelling reason for doing them. We ought not to use higher animals, and we ought not to use severe procedures unless, after careful consideration, we cannot see any way of avoiding it, because of some overriding need.

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Textbook 1991Latest edition It covers developments in toxicology and the use of non-animal methods in toxicity testing since the first report, published in 1983; it highlights the need for rationalisation and harmonisation of regulatory guidelines for more critical attitudes toward currently accepted animal tests and for more

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Richard E. Baldwin,Aymo Brunettitrial involving a relatively large number of coded chemicals (6). When other laboratories asked for access to coded chemicals, the FRAME Alternative Test Validation Scheme was established (7), and the results of a number of blind trials have since been published (e.g. 8–11).

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Hans Genberg,Arjan Kadareja,Umberto Schwarze main ways (2): in the selection of compounds during the development of new chemicals; in the prioritisation of existing chemicals being considered for toxicity evaluation; and in identifying chemicals with particular properties, so that . studies can be optimised.

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The Development, Validation and Acceptance of , Toxicity Tests,trial involving a relatively large number of coded chemicals (6). When other laboratories asked for access to coded chemicals, the FRAME Alternative Test Validation Scheme was established (7), and the results of a number of blind trials have since been published (e.g. 8–11).

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Future Developments in , Methodology,e main ways (2): in the selection of compounds during the development of new chemicals; in the prioritisation of existing chemicals being considered for toxicity evaluation; and in identifying chemicals with particular properties, so that . studies can be optimised.

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