Titlebook: An introduction to Coastal Ecology; Patrick J. S. Boaden,Raymond Seed Book 1985 Blackie & Son Ltd 1985 Mangrove.adaptation.chemistry.ecolo

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Life on Rocky Coasts,ffs to wide, gently-shelving platforms, from smooth uniform slopes to highly dissected, irregular masses or even extensive boulder beaches (Lewis, 1977). Many open coasts are continuously exposed to oceanic swell and extreme wave action, whilst deeply indented coastlines may be perpetually calm. Sal

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Life in Sediments,together spaces between them occupy 30–40% of the sediment volume. If the particles were spherical the solid to void ratio would be 74:26. Thus there is a system of . which may be variously filled with water, air, detritus and organisms. The water in sediments may be derived or maintained by various

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Marshes and Mangroves,gure 7.1). This happens mainly in the supralittoral and the upper littoral zones. Two of the most characteristic coastal communities of this nature are saltmarshes, which are found mainly in temperate to subpolar climates, and mangrove swamps which are of tropical to subtropical occurrence (Figure 7

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