Titlebook: African Ungulates; A Comparative Review Walter Leuthold Book 1977 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1977 Afrika /Biologie.Huftiere.Verhalte

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HEDGE

Ethological Research on African Ungulatesn only at a later stage (cf. Ewer, 1968). It took even more time before ethologists began to study the behavior of free-ranging mammals. Despite the fascination of many European travellers in Africa with the astounding diversity of ungulates and other mammals, serious studies in the wild only starte

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Conservationreat majority of them within the last three decades. The obvious aim of this development is to preserve representative areas of “original Africa,” containing as many different habitats and animal species as possible. While great progress has been made in this direction, it is by no means certain tha

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Physical Maintenance Behaviorg, wallowing, etc. It is among these behaviors that many interrelationships with other aspects of a species’ adaptations are particularly evident. For instance, the mode of food gathering and the degree of selectivity shown by an animal are related to body size and shape, functional morphology and a

FLAT

Relations with Animals of Other Speciescan very broadly categorize such relations—from the point of view of the ungulate—as positive, neutral, or negative. A relationship is positive when the ungulate involved derives some benefit from the association or interaction. A neutral relationship is one in which it neither gains nor loses anyth

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Individual Recognitioncognize individual conspecifics. In many situations, it appears obvious to the human observer that certain animals know each other individually. This is, however, difficult to prove, and often one can do no better than to make inferences from circumstantial evidence only.

行乞

Coordination and Cooperation Etkin, 1964), is that its members show a certain, albeit variable, degree of cohesion, and coordination of activities, as well as instances of cooperation. Voluntary cohesion is evident primarily in interindividual spacing patterns, which will be reviewed later (Chap. 15, B). For the moment, let us

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Leadership., Schomber, 1966). The main difficulty in defining leadership is to delimitate the circumstances under which true leadership is evident. For instance, we have seen that an individual changing from one activity phase into another may induce other group members to follow suit (social facilitation). D