Titlebook: Women in European Holocaust Films; Perpetrators, Victim Ingrid Lewis Book 2017 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 represe

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Gendered Disparities in the Portrayal of Rescuersical accounts emphasise women as the main actors in rescue activities, this chapter explores how and to what extent this reality is reflected in European Holocaust cinema. It takes into consideration a wide range of films centred on the topic of rescue, but examines more closely two recent productio

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Violent, Erotic, Brainwashed: Stereotypes of Female Perpetrators in Holocaust Films between 1945 and3), . (1976), . (1991), . (1999) and . (2000). It argues that the paucity of female figures working within the Nazi system goes hand in hand with their confinement to stereotypes of violent, erotic, sexually perverted and ridiculous characters.

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The Silenced Gender Paradigmexperiences of women have been variously neglected, marginalised, disregarded and misrepresented, both before and after the emergence of gendered studies of the Holocaust. Ultimately, the chapter seeks to understand what precisely is the role of gender in relation to the Holocaust and why it is necessary to focus on female experiences and voices.

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Breaking the Silence on Women Perpetratorsrticipation of women, compared to men, in the overall picture of the Holocaust. Furthermore, this chapter gives an overview of recent studies on women camp guards, nurses, secretaries and denouncers, arguing that they break a long silence on female perpetrators.

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Idealised or Ignored: Female Victims of the Holocaustution as women and as Jews, shadowed other categories that, consequentially, became doubly silenced: for being women and for being “other” than Jews. Finally, four categories of non-Jewish victims of the persecution set in place by the Nazis are foregrounded: Gypsies, lesbians, Jehovah’s Witnesses and disabled people.

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Invisible Resistance: Women’s Contributioneffectively perpetuated the discrimination against female resisters. Thirdly, the chapter argues for the need to redefine the core term of resistance and to broaden its spectrum to include women’s activities such as hiding fugitives, rescuing children and courier work, to name just a few.

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