Titlebook: W Tungsten; Supplement Volume A4 Gerhard Czack,Gerhard Kirschstein,Frank Stein,Wolf Book 19938th edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Electron Emission,rent density j of thermionic electrons emitted from a uniform surface at temperature T is described by the Richardson (-Laue-Dushman) eauation ., where Φ is the work function of the metal, A = A. · t, A. the Richardson constant (= 4π em.k./h. = 120 A · cm . 2 · K.), and t an average transmission coe

JECT

Field Evaporation,poration was obtained when a second tip was held over a tip subjected to a high field. The second tip showed craters which could have been produced only by accelerated ions and not by thermal atoms. The reduction of the first tip by the applied field, confirmed by electron and light microscopy, was

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氣候

Surface Free Energy. Surface Tension,ion in the literature in properly using γ and σ; for a more recent discussion of the difference between σ and γ, see [2 to 4]. According to Kumikov and Khokonov [5], cracking, zero-creep, and field emission microscopy (FEM) studies yield values for the surface tension equal to the surface free energ

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Surface Self-Diffusion,s of diffusion coefficients. With more than one adatom on a plane at a time, interactions between adatoms occur, and binding energies may be deduced. Diffusion of single adatoms as well as of dimers and larger clusters was observed. In addition to FIM studies with atomic resolution, some effort was

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Work Function,ters A (Richardson constant, see p. 132) and Φ (work function) determined by thermionic emission measurements are critically compared with the parameters derived from photoelectric studies and the Φ data from electron beam and contact potential (Kelvin) experiments [1]. Methods for measuring Φ (ther

缺陷

Electron Emission,rent density j of thermionic electrons emitted from a uniform surface at temperature T is described by the Richardson (-Laue-Dushman) eauation ., where Φ is the work function of the metal, A = A. · t, A. the Richardson constant (= 4π em.k./h. = 120 A · cm . 2 · K.), and t an average transmission coe

別名

Field Evaporation,poration was obtained when a second tip was held over a tip subjected to a high field. The second tip showed craters which could have been produced only by accelerated ions and not by thermal atoms. The reduction of the first tip by the applied field, confirmed by electron and light microscopy, was

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Gerhard Czack,Gerhard Kirschstein,Wolfgang Kurtz,Frank Steins L?sungsverfahren erfolgt geometrisch (s.S. 166–169 und [Juschkewitsch 1964, S. 206f.]). Weitere herausragende Beitr?ge zur Algebra stammen u. a. von Abū l-Wafā‘, Abū Kāmil und al-Kara?ī (S. 169–175).