標(biāo)題: Titlebook: Environmental External Costs of Transport; Rainer Friedrich,Peter Bickel Book 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 Atmospheric prot [打印本頁] 作者: 次要 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 20:05
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport影響因子(影響力)
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport影響因子(影響力)學(xué)科排名
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開度
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開度學(xué)科排名
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport被引頻次
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport被引頻次學(xué)科排名
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport年度引用
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport年度引用學(xué)科排名
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport讀者反饋
書目名稱Environmental External Costs of Transport讀者反饋學(xué)科排名
作者: 有法律效應(yīng) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-21 20:47
,Allgemeines über das Spannungsgesetz,Since the uncertainties are large, an analysis of the uncertainties is crucial for the credibility of the results. To begin, one needs to identify and quantify the individual sources of uncertainty. It is appropriate to group them into different categories, even though there may be some overlap:作者: 悲觀 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 02:39 作者: 有危險(xiǎn) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 06:19 作者: Alopecia-Areata 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 10:21
Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems,The impacts of transport on terrestrial ecosystems can be broadly divided into three different categories:作者: 多節(jié) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 14:57 作者: 多節(jié) 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 19:53
Quantification of Total and Average Externalities (Aggregation),The previous chapters described the approach for calculating the marginal external costs of transport (the costs caused by an additional vehicle). This chapter describes the issues and methodology associated with aggregating this externality data to levels required by policy instruments and for the analysis of energy balances.作者: 排出 時(shí)間: 2025-3-22 21:47
Aggregated Costs,This chapter presents the results of the aggregation studies within the project. The aggregation task was only undertaken by a small number of teams, with the aim of developing and demonstrating the approach.作者: 鳥籠 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 02:11
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-04957-9le approaches for emission calculation is an often criticised matter. Therefore it was attempted to avoid the use of national emission factor methodologies as far as possible, and to present a list of reference technologies for road transport, were the same basis was used.作者: Graduated 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 08:05 作者: 減至最低 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 10:55
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86945-6in policy and decision making. The studies have included a wide range of examples at different levels (local to national), covering different issues. Together they provide a rich source of information on the practical use of the ExternE Transport values in providing decision support for transport policy issues.作者: Acumen 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 16:20
Emission Calculation,le approaches for emission calculation is an often criticised matter. Therefore it was attempted to avoid the use of national emission factor methodologies as far as possible, and to present a list of reference technologies for road transport, were the same basis was used.作者: Neuropeptides 時(shí)間: 2025-3-23 19:23
Impacts on Building Materials, loss of mechanical strength, leakage and failure of protective coatings due to degradation of materials. Also, the disagreeable appearance in all larger towns of soiled but otherwise beautiful buildings is caused by deposition of particulate matter arising from atmospheric pollution.作者: 問到了燒瓶 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 01:33 作者: Anemia 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 02:34 作者: 極微小 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 08:09 作者: Barrister 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 12:19 作者: Mucosa 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 18:35
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04329-5Atmospheric protection; Greenhouse Gas; Greenhouse Gases; ecosystem; ecosystems; emissions; environmental 作者: conference 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 19:15 作者: Multiple 時(shí)間: 2025-3-24 23:52
über den Himalaja ins Land der G?tterk described in this book builds on the work done in the ExternE Project, which is described in detail in (European Commission, 1995a) and (European Commission, 1999). The term . simply relates to the sequence of events linking a . to an . and subsequent valuation, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Emissio作者: Hypopnea 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 04:58
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-04957-9le approaches for emission calculation is an often criticised matter. Therefore it was attempted to avoid the use of national emission factor methodologies as far as possible, and to present a list of reference technologies for road transport, were the same basis was used.作者: 狂熱語言 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 08:40 作者: doxazosin 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 15:18 作者: 晚間 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 17:18 作者: organic-matrix 時(shí)間: 2025-3-25 23:44 作者: 鄙視讀作 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 04:07
,über den Philosophie-Begriff Platons, nitrous oxide — and two region-specific gases — nitrogen (from aircraft) and sulphur, which influence ozone and sulphate aerosol concentrations, respectively. Eyre et al. (1997) extensively discuss the literature on climate change impact estimation and valuation, and estimate the marginal costs of 作者: tinnitus 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 07:42 作者: 仔細(xì)閱讀 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 09:51
Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse,cover the variety of traffic situations and be representative as a basis for aggregation. As in this book the wide variety of situations, e.g. small and bigger cities, cannot be presented data for three trajectories that can be categorised as urban, rural or highway were selected. It has to be noted作者: corporate 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 15:22 作者: exophthalmos 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 19:46
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-05367-5lphur dioxide, various volatile organic compounds and others. The emissions of these substances cause considerable damage affecting a wide range of receptors including human health, flora and fauna and materials. These damages are in general not adequately reflected in the transport prices; as long 作者: 形上升才刺激 時(shí)間: 2025-3-26 23:41 作者: forecast 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 04:33
Book 2001should be taken into account, when making decisions. A prerequisite for doing so is, that the impacts are known, quantitatively measured and allocated to the different activities in transport. Furthermore, they should be transformed into monetary units to be used as a basis for cost-benefit analyses作者: MIRTH 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 08:56 作者: chandel 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 13:20 作者: LAVA 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 13:50
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-88180-9ower plants; in addition there would be increased pollution from the manufacture of batteries and their eventual disposal. Electricity production, and manufacture and disposal of batteries, are processes that occur upstream or downstream of the main process, i.e. driving the car.作者: 貨物 時(shí)間: 2025-3-27 21:19 作者: cavity 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 01:06
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-9595-9 the local scale area are less than 10% of the total, even in large urban areas (Lee and Watkiss, 1998). On the basis of these results, it was decided that the secondary particulate formation would not be quantified within the local scale area. However this issue should be addressed in more detail in subsequent work.作者: 潛移默化 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 04:41
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7525-6 brief description draws variously on these reports, while highlighting those areas (e.g. with regard to chronic mortality) where implementation for the present study differs from that reported elsewhere.作者: Flat-Feet 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 06:50
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-05367-5e — a non-optimal allocation of resources leading to welfare losses may occur. Hence, external effects should be taken into account when making decisions. This makes it necessary to quantify and monetise the external effects作者: 裙帶關(guān)系 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 10:34 作者: dura-mater 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 16:16
Health Effects: Exposure-Response Functions, brief description draws variously on these reports, while highlighting those areas (e.g. with regard to chronic mortality) where implementation for the present study differs from that reported elsewhere.作者: 臆斷 時(shí)間: 2025-3-28 19:59 作者: CHART 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 01:15
über den Himalaja ins Land der G?tterport sector in this project the focus lay on impacts due to airborne pollutants and greenhouse gases. The approach thus provides a logical and transparent way of quantifying externalities. However, only recently, through developments in environmental science and economics, and improvements in computing power has it become a realistic proposition.作者: 圖畫文字 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 05:03
The Impact Pathway Methodology,port sector in this project the focus lay on impacts due to airborne pollutants and greenhouse gases. The approach thus provides a logical and transparent way of quantifying externalities. However, only recently, through developments in environmental science and economics, and improvements in computing power has it become a realistic proposition.作者: 和平主義 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 08:21
Economic Valuation, Sustainability Indicators and Alternative Assessment Techniques,lidity of this approach depends on a number of assumptions holding true, not least that there is ‘linearity’ between risk and payment. Whilst this is likely to be a reasonable assumption over a small range of the risk of death it will be indefensible for large ranges of risk levels.作者: 陶瓷 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 14:08 作者: Inoperable 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 17:17 作者: 蛙鳴聲 時(shí)間: 2025-3-29 20:57
Marginal Costs, that — as population density is high in Belgium (326 inhabitants/km.), and especially in Flanders (425 inh./km.) — the rural and highway trajectories are both situated in a relatively high populated area, compared to the European average.作者: 松雞 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 02:17 作者: 特別容易碎 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 04:11
ially Pierre Vallette and Pekka Jarviletho from the EC for their advice and support. A considerable number of experts with expertise in the different disciplines of this highly interdisci978-3-642-07588-9978-3-662-04329-5作者: 歹徒 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 08:36 作者: indignant 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 14:08 作者: genuine 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 20:21
Introduction,lphur dioxide, various volatile organic compounds and others. The emissions of these substances cause considerable damage affecting a wide range of receptors including human health, flora, fauna and materials. These damages are in general not or not adequately reflected in the transport prices; as l作者: 死亡 時(shí)間: 2025-3-30 22:47 作者: 議程 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 01:17 作者: 友好 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 05:09 作者: –DOX 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 11:19 作者: 劇毒 時(shí)間: 2025-3-31 15:48
